Literary Language - 2255 Words

Literary Language Wheelwright describes literary language as being depth or expressive language, whilst he sees instrumental language, or non-literary language, as being that which is the negative limit of expressive language (http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~jbl00001/FINCHAP1.htm). Literary text is something which has many layers of meaning and although, appearing on the surface as narrative, has a deliberate ambiguity to it and is never straightforward. Scholars call this multiple meaning of the literary language various terms such as plurisignaiton, polysemy, or poly- or multi-valency. The metaphors and similes and indirect layers of meaning point to the polysemy of the text. That polysemy is a part of literary language is recognized by Hayles who stated that For someone steeped in literary analysis, it is a given that multiple signification is a plus rather than a minus, or to use metaphors more appropriate to literature, a story rather than a scandal (How We Became Posthuman, 60). Literature, in other words, possesses various levels or depth and it is this that primarily separates it from instrumental language. Often this polysemious character is more evident in poems than in narrative as depicted in Donnes poem Go catch a fallen star. Allusions to religion appear thrice in this poem: the Devils foot and pilgrimage as well as fallen angels. It may be that Donne is creating a parallel between the religious search and between the search for physical/Show MoreRelatedEnglish Literary Language2443 Words   |  10 PagesGENERAL NOTES ON LITERARY LANGUAGE 4 CHAPTER II VARIETIES OF LITERARY LANGUAGE 6 CONCLUSION 11 List of Literature 12 INTRODUCTION A literary language is a register of a language that is used in literary writing. This may also include liturgical writing. The difference between literary and non-literary (vernacular) forms is more marked in some languages than in others. Where there is a strong divergence, the language is said to exhibit diglossia. Classical Latin was the literary register of LatinRead MoreLiterary Language And Everyday Language1530 Words   |  7 PagesLiterary Language and Everyday Language What is a Language? At first glance, the question about what is the language might be strange, because we have been using language extemporarily, unconsciously for centuries ago. Nevertheless, the language is the essence difference between human beings and animals, due to what language offers to humans. It enables them to have a history and live the present as well as for planning for the future. furthermore, it is our major tool to communicate ,expressRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of George Orwells Politics And The English Language1997 Words   |  8 PagesIn George Orwell’s essay â€Å"Politics and the English Language† he criticises the modern prose and addresses where the problems come from. His main point is that written works often have a staleness of imagery and lack of precision. By this he means the writer uses cliche and repeated phrases in their works, and they use words that will take away from the meaning more than it would add to it. Orwell discusses that most of these pro blems arise from imitation and the use of meaningless words. He feelsRead MoreApproaches to Reading and Literary Texts in Teaching English as a Foreign Language - Then and Now6307 Words   |  26 Pagescomprehension and literary competence. 4 1.1. The importance of literacy, reading comprehension and literary competence. 4 1.2. The importance of literacy, reading comprehension, literary competence and literature in teaching English as a foreign language. 6 2. Past approaches until the second half of the 20th century. 7 2.1. Analysis of the past methods with reading and literature in view. 8 2.2. The shift in the attitude towards reading and literary texts in teachingRead MoreFigurative Language In Literary Texts997 Words   |  4 Pagesliterary texts, in particular, poetry, can evade translation through their culture-specific and figurative language, as well as language origin. It will also explain how other texts, particularly non-fiction, lend themselves more easily to translation due to the literalness they contain, enabling the original to be brought over to a new language more or less word-for-word. This essay will argue that, whilst the use of figurative language in literary texts is more resistant to translation, the useRead MoreFigurative Language And Literary Devices911 Words   |  4 Pages Many different forms of figurative language I used throughout the story to exhilarate the irony. The opening description of Ethan is full of ironic expressions. Figurative language is also used to the describe reactions to events in the story. The author is very des criptive in this short story. The use of figurative language aids in description of events, the setting, mood, and characters’ appearance and response. Edith Wharton, the author, use of literary devices allows the story to come aliveRead MoreArticle Review on Using What We Know about Language and Literary Development for ESL Students in the Mainstream Classroom661 Words   |  3 PagesUsing What We Know about Language and Literacy Development for ESL Students in the Mainstream Classroom by Susan Watts-Taffe and Diane M. Truscott. In the article Watts-Taffe and Truscott draw on the latest research in language learning and ESL to offer guidance to our readers for teaching second-language learners in integrated settings (Watts-Taffe Truscoot, n.d.). The article focuses on the following: what we know about literacy development, what we know about language proficiency and literacyRead MoreEssay about Language and Literary Techniques in Othello2832 Words   |  12 PagesLanguag e and Literary Techniques in Othello  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The language and literary techniques used in William Shakespeares Othello enrich the settings, plot, characters, and themes. Othello is a complex tragedy about good versus evil, loyalty, love, sexual jealousy, appearance versus reality, and intrigue, told in a first person point of view. The play takes place during the Renaissance in Venice, Italy and in Cyprus over three days. It is written in blank verse, usually unrhymed iambic pentameterRead MoreLiterature and South Africa6682 Words   |  27 Pagesin the semiotic analysis of the poem Mending Wall. As defined by Structuralist, literary codes that matter in our analysis per se are the literary signs, their overdetermination that amount to different meanings systems. Jong (2008: 111) posits â€Å"literary codes contain information about principles of repetition, repetition with variations, opposition and other modes of equivalence in a text.† This means that literary codes in poems, and according to Lotman, are comprised of intratextual code, intertextualRead MoreMatthew Arnold as a Poet and Critic1500 Words   |  6 Pagesexercise of judgment, and literary criticism is, therefore, the exercise of judgment on works of literature. From this, it is clear that the nature of literary criticism is to examine a work of literature, and its function is to identify its points of excellence and its inadequacies, and finally to evaluate its artistic worth. Literary criticism concerns itself with asking philosophical questions about the nature of imaginative literature. It is not just surfing the literary text for answering questions

Response Paper to Michelle Alexanders The New Jim Crow...

The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness was written by Michelle Alexander to expose the truth of racial injustice in the system of mass incarceration through the comparison of the racial control during the Jim Crow Era. She reveals how race plays an important role in the American Justice System. Alexander argues about the racial bias, particularly towards African-Americans, immanent in the war on drugs as a result of their lack of political power and how the Supreme Court tolerates this injustice. Statistics show that African Americans commit only fifteen percent of drug offenses, yet they comprise up to 90% of incarcerations for drug offenses in communities throughout the country. Besides that, although the†¦show more content†¦Although some victims of this type of abuse took legal action and attested that the war on drugs is racially unjust, their claims were rejected and disregarded by the court. â€Å"The Supreme Court has made it virtually im possible to challenge racial bias in the criminal justice system under the Fourteenth Amendment, and it has barred litigation of such claims under federal civil rights laws as well.† (Alexander 106) For instance in the McCleskey vs. Kemp case, the real matter in question was whether the court would permit racial discrimination in the criminal justice system. The sentence given to McCleskey was the Court’s reply, â€Å"racial bias would be tolerated––virtually to any degree––as long as no one admitted it.† (Alexander 107) So in reality, the Supreme Court has sanctioned racial bias in the criminal justice system and policing instead of opting for rules prohibiting it. The facts speak for themselves, people of color are the enemies and targets in the war on drugs. They also tell us that fighting back is useless due to the racial bias that is inherent in the criminal justice system. This might come as a surprise to the majority that belie ve discrimination is no longer in existence, considering that it is a black man living in the White House. Ever since Barack Obama pledged to serve as the forty-fourth presidentShow MoreRelatedSummary Of The New Jim Crow1742 Words   |  7 PagesWorks Cited Alexander, Michelle. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: New Press, 2010. 261 Pages â€Å"The New Jim Crow† Summary â€Å"The New Jim Crow† was written by Michelle Alexander based off of her experience working for the ACLU of Oakland in which she saw racial bias in the justice system that constituted people of color second-class citizens (Alexander 3); which is why the comparison had been made to the Jim Crow laws that existed in the nineteenth centuryRead MoreThe New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration of the Racial Undercaste3337 Words   |  14 Pagesform of mass incarceration, and what kinds of effects mass incarceration has on a community. In this paper, I will briefly examine a range of issues surrounding the mass incarceration of black and Latino males, the development of a racial undercaste because of rising incarceration rates, women and children’s involvement and roles they attain in the era of mass incarceration, and the economic importance that the prison system has due to its development. Michelle Alexander, in her book, The New Jim Crow:

The use of teacher questions in learning and teaching Free Essays

Introduction Questioning is one of the most of import accomplishments in effectual instruction. Through oppugning a instructor can assist pupils organize relationships, guarantee success, bring on the engagement of inattentive pupils, and enhance pupils ‘ self-pride ( Eggen A ; Kauchak, 1996, P40 ) . Research workers overwhelmed with oppugning techniques highlighted the importance of oppugning in learning as an effectual tool in learning. We will write a custom essay sample on The use of teacher questions in learning and teaching or any similar topic only for you Order Now A inquiry is defined as: â€Å" any sentence that has an interrogative signifier † ( Cotton, Undated ) . In a schoolroom, the instructor ‘s inquiries are meant to be a tool intended to pass on the content elements to be learned and the instructions for what they are expected to make and the mode to make it. ( Cotton, ( Undated ) . Aschner ( 1961 ) cited in. Gall ( 1970 ) , for illustration, called the instructor â€Å" a professional inquiry shaper † and claimed that inquiring inquiries is one of the basic ways by which the instructors stimulated pupils believing and acquisition. Purpose: This paper is an effort to look into the usage of the different types of inquiries inside the schoolroom in relation to the cognitive theories. Background and significance: This survey is conducted at Fujairah Institute of Nursing ( ION ) .This institute is one out of three institutes from the Ministry of Health ( MOH ) in the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) , which are learning nursing sheepskin for local and expatriates. There are three degrees of pupils ; these are diploma one ( DI ) , diploma two ( DII ) , and sheepskin three ( DIII ) . At Fujairah ION, there are 13 instructors ; some of them are Bachelors ‘ grade holders while others are master prepared. The experience of the instructors ranges between two to fifteen old ages. The instructors normally apply two methods of learning harmonizing to the ION policy ; these are Lecture Based and Case Based instruction. The admittance standards of credence of pupils emphasize that pupils must go through the high school with an norm of 70 % in the scientific watercourse. All classs are taught in English. On the footing of my personal instruction experience in the nursing field for the last 10 old ages, seven of them as a senior nursing coach at the ION – MOH – UAE. I have noticed that good inquiring technique is indispensable in the development of pupil ‘s apprehension and critical thought. Furthermore, the chief end of the ION is to develop long life scholar through the usage of Case Based Learning Method and synergistic Lecture Based Method where the instructor showered the pupils with different types of inquiries to ease the treatment in the schoolroom. This could non go on efficaciously if the facilitators have no inquiring technique. Furthermore, because of my personal involvement in bettering the quality of instruction and oppugning technique in ION, and since cipher has investigated the impact of good oppugning on pupil ‘s apprehension. I feel the impulse to analyze the part of this facet to the acquisition procedure. The consequence is expected to br ing out the degree of oppugning ( high- order, low order ) and the consequence of inquiries on pupils ‘ comprehension. Literature reappraisal The usage of oppugning helps instructors to analyze scholars ‘ comprehension. Questioning is besides utile for scholars as it encourages battle and focuses their thought on cardinal constructs and thoughts. Good learning involves how to inquire inquiries for maximal consequence. Some instructors ‘ inquiries are low cognitive 1s that ask pupils to give background information that they already have. Such inquiries have assorted advantages ( 1994, Airasian, et Al ) cited in Omrod, J, E. ( 2007 ) ( P475 ) .First, oppugning gives us an apprehension of the pupils ‘ old cognition and wrong thoughts about atopic. Second, they tend to look after pupils ‘ concentration on the lesson advancement. Third, they help us measure whether pupils are larning hard stuff efficaciously or are puzzled about peculiar accent. Fourth, they give pupils the opportunity to detect their apprehension. Finally, inquiries about the earlier erudite information promote reappraisal of the stuff, which should further greater recollection afterwards. Another type of inquiries is the high cognitive inquiries – those that entail the pupils to believe critically beyond what they have learned ( Minstrell and Stimpsen, 1996 ; Progrow and Londer 1994 ) cited in Omrod, J, E. ( 2007 ) ( P475 ) . Using the higher- degree inquiries help pupils to believe of their ain illustrations of ideas, use new criterions to work out a job or speculate about possible reading of cause A ; effects relationship and to advance critical thought. One of the basic theories in oppugning was reflected in Benjamin Bloom ‘s taxonomy ( 1956 ) who builds a system of classs of larning behaviour to assist us in planing and measuring educational acquisition. The taxonomy was ordered in grade of trouble from simple callback of facts on the lowest degree, through progressively more complex and abstract mental degrees, to the highest order making ( synthesis ) after being modified by his informer pupil Anderson ( 1994 ) . ( See Appendix E ) . An of import rule of Bloom ‘s Taxonomy is that each degree must be mastered before doing advancement to the following. The cardinal component of Bloom ‘s taxonomy is in its prompt that we want pupils to hold many degrees at accomplishments. Bloom found that over 95 % of the trial inquiries require the pupils to believe merely at the minimal degree. Teachers should be professional in the preparation of the inquiries and pay attending to their dictions as wide or narrow diction could restrict pupils ‘ response. Furthermore, instructors ‘ inquiries should be based on the cognitive degree of pupils instead than their classs. Piaget, another psychologist, stated that larning and believing involve scholar ‘s engagement. Knowledge is non strictly transmitted verbally but must be constructed and reconstructed by the scholar. Intelligence is good kept through assimilation and adjustment ; hence, experiences should be considered to give opportunities for assimilation and adjustment. Harmonizing to Piaget, scholars need to research, to pull strings, to experiment, to inquiry, and to seek out replies for themselves – activity is indispensable. Direction should be individualized every bit much as possible and scholars should pass on with each others, to challenge and discourse issues. Piaget considers instructors as facilitators of cognition – they instruct, engage and motivate pupils. Learning is much more meaningful when larning springs from their experiences. Consequently, instructors can utilize assorted types of inquiries to excite the scholars ‘ believing about abstract constructs taking into consideration their developmental degree since development precedes acquisition. Teachers should carefully be after their inquiries and move from one phase to another depending on the cognitive procedure of the scholar, Therefore, there should be a correspondence between the cognitive degree of instructors ‘ inquiries and the cognitive ability of the pupils ‘ replies. Harmonizing to Vygotsky ( 1920s-1934 ) , rational development takes topographic point in term of societal history and sociocultural background ( Luria, I 976 ) . That is, cognitive accomplishments and forms of thought of an person are non congenital factors, but are gained from interaction within his sociocultural environment. Vygotsky believed that larning takes topographic point when kids are working within their zone of proximal development ( ZPD ) . That is, the ZPD describes undertakings that a kid has non yet learned but is capable of larning at a given clip. A cardinal thought derived from Vygotsky ‘s impression of societal acquisition is that of staging ; the aid provided by more competent equals or grownups. Typically, scaffolding agencies supplying a kid with a great trade of support during the early phases of acquisition. The instructor should see prosecuting pupils at the upper degrees enthusiastically without overpowering them. Vygotsky considered that the instruct or as a scaffold that can assist the persons learn by seting his instructions and inquiries harmonizing to the kid ‘s degree of public presentation — is an effectual signifier of learning. Unlike Piaget, Vygotsky believed that larning returns development. Vygostyan psychological science ( Vygotskij, 1978, 1999, 2002 ) ; any cognition is based on a peculiar degree of abstraction. As a consequence, the proper usage of instructors ‘ inquiry even in the signifier of fact could take to abstraction which is contrary to Bloom. A considerable figure of research workers have studied the usage of inquiries in the schoolroom by the instructors and their findings were congruous. The figure and types of inquiries asked by instructors during the instruction procedure varies. Harmonizing to Gall, ( 1970 ) the usage of inquiries in the schoolroom over a 50 twelvemonth period reveals that the chief tendency has been the development of techniques to depict inquiries used by instructor. It is clear for pedagogues that inquiries play an of import function in learning. Aschner ( 1961 ) called the instructor â€Å" a professional inquiries shaper † . Flander ( 1970 ) cited in Gall, ( 1970 ) P3 ) stated that inquiring inquiry is one of the 10 major treatments for analyzing instructors ‘ behaviours in the widely used system for interaction analysis. Hastings ( 1912 ) cited in Gall ( 1970 ) P3 ) . An mean instructor asks 400 inquiries in a twenty-four hours, this means that most of the instruction clip is occup ied with inquiries and replies. Educators by and large see oculus to oculus that instructors should emphasize the development of pupils ‘ accomplishment in critical thought instead than in remembering facts. Harmonizing to Gall, Approximately 60 % of instructor ‘s quest on callback facts, approximately 20 % require pupils to believe and the staying 20 % are procedural. In another survey by Hussein ( 2006 ) , three instructors observed asked a sum of 782 inquiries consisting academic, non-academic, and pseudo inquiries in 16 observation Sessionss. The perceiver documented ( 526 ) inquiries, three hundred fifty four ( 354 or 67.3 % ) of these inquiries were in the academic class. The bulk of the academic inquiries were low-level ( 458, 87 % ) and the staying 68 inquiries ( 13 % ) were high-ranking. In the survey of Graesser and Person ( 1994 ) , 96 % of the inquiries in a schoolroom environment are instructors ‘ inquiries. In add-on to being rare and short, student inquiries are besides simple ( Dillon, 1988 ; Flammer, 1981 ; Kerry, 1987 ) cited in Graesser A ; Person ) . That is, they are usually superficial, short-answer inquiries that deal with the content and reading of distinct stuff ; they are seldom high-cognitive inquiries that involve illations, multistep analysis, or the averment of critical judgement. Research Question: This paper is an effort to reply the undermentioned inquiry: What types of inquiries are used by the instructor? How different or similar are these inquiries to the researches findings? Methodology Design A descriptive survey design will be used to analyze the degree of inquiries posed by the instructors, based on the revised Bloom ‘s taxonomy of the inquiry degree. The consequences will be tabulated utilizing simple statistical analysis to advert some: Sums, and Percentages, Sample and Puting The research worker will carry on two Sessionss of observations in two nursing categories. These are: DI A ; DII ; each category consists of 25 and 28 grownup pupils severally and learns through talk based method. They lie in the ( Formal operational phase of development ) harmonizing to Piaget. Two instructors will be observed are: first is a holder of a maestro grade in Medical surgical nursing, has an experience for two old ages in nursing instruction ; the 2nd possess a Bachelor ‘s Of Nursing Science, and has seven old ages of learning experience. The oppugning technique of the instructor will be assessed and evaluated through direct schoolroom observation in relation to the cognitive theory ( Bloom, Piaget and Vygotsky ) The revised version of Bloom ‘s taxonomy ( updated by Anderson, 1994 ) will be used as a process to measure the degree of oppugning. ( See appendix E ) The ethical considerations of carry oning this piece of research were carefully considered. Three consent letters were obtained from the Branch Manager every bit good as the concerned instructors. Procedure: 1. A missive will be sent to the principal to acquire permission for observation. ( Appendix C ) 2. A missive will be sent to the concerned instructors that I will go to their categories. ( Appendix D ) 3. The schoolroom oppugning observation clip will be 100 proceedingss, 50 proceedingss for each Class session. 4. The findings of the survey will be compared with the consequences of the surveies done by Gall, 1970 ( The usage of inquiries in learning ) , Graesser and Person 1994, ( Question inquiring during tutoring ) and Hussein, 2006 ( Dimensions of Questioning: A Qualitative Study of Current Classroom Practice in Malaysia ) . Datas Analysis The figure and type of instructors ‘ will be counted and analyzed. I calculated the frequence of inquiries asked by the instructors and categorized them harmonizing to high cognitive order and low cognitive order based on bloom ‘s taxonomy. The per centum of the entire figure of inquiries was calculated to ease readability and comparing between two categories. Consequences Degree of inquiry Class I Class II Low Cognitive Remembering 25 ( 66 % ) 17 ( 63 % ) Understanding 10 ( 26 % ) 6 ( 22 % ) 92 % 85 % Using High Cognitive Analyzing 2 ( 5 % ) 2 ( 7 % ) Measuring Making 1 ( 3 % ) 2 ( 7 % ) 8 % 14 % Sum 38 27 Discussion: With regard to this figure of inquiries: The findings of this survey showed that the figure of asked inquiries ( C1 =38, C2 =27 ) falls in scope with the findings of the survey of ( Graesser and Natalie ) ’30 to 120 inquiries per hr ‘ With regard to the frequence of low cognitive inquiries: It is obvious from the findings that the bulk of inquiries ( C1 =92 % , C2 =85 % ) prevarication in the low cognitive order. Compared to the findings of ( Gall. 1970 ) and Hussein ( 2006 ) who severally found that 77 % and 87 % of instructors ‘ inquiries are of factual type. The figure of inquiries which lie in low cognitive order is rather higher based on my personal category room observations ; even the inquiries asked at the higher degree ( C1 =8 % , C2 =14 % ) were non answered right by the pupils. Teachers were noticed to feed the pupils with appropriated responses which will non excite abstract believing but contrary to that recalling and memorisation will ; term to be the existent term fro eg. 1. Scaffolding Teacher: What is the consequence of pneumonic high blood pressure on the right side of the bosom? Students: did non react to the inquiry. Teacher Scaffold them: Could depict the pneumonic circulation. 2. Formal operational: How is the clinical presentation of right ventricular failure different from the left side ventricular failure? Students: No response Traveling rearward from formal to concrete was quoted in the undermentioned event: Teacher: What are the maps of the left and right side of the bosom? Although the instructor was inquiring inquiries at frequent manner there was no adequate attending to the degree of the asked inquiries ; most of the inquiry did necessitate recalling and rote memory acquisition. This is an indicant that either instructors are non good trained or the higher order cognitive inquiries are non decently formulated or the pupils are non good coached to react to such types of inquiry. Students ‘ readying plays a function in reacting to higher degree of oppugning. If pupils are non good prepared, they will non be able to group the indispensable subject of the asked inquiry and therefore they will non catch up the higher cognitive degree inquiries. Connection with learning Theories: During my schoolroom observations, I was able to happen a nexus between many of the instructor ‘s inquiries and the cognitive theories from illustration. 1. Vygotsky /scaffolding: – Teacher: what is the consequence of left ventricular failure on the cardiac end product? – Students: did n’t react to the instructor and seemed confused. – Teacher gave them a intimation by simplifying the inquiries what are the determiners of Cardiac out? – Students answered: † Blood force per unit area, and contraction. – Teacher: What is the consequence of contract on CO? 2. Formal a Concrete ( Piaget ) Teacher: What is the principle behind dypsnea in platinum holding left ventricular failure? Students: did n’t reply Teachers: ( moves to concrete ) What causes dypsnea? Student: lung upset Teacher: What is incorrect with lung? Recommendations: Teachers must be cognizant of the different degree of inquiries. Teachers should be watchful to the importance of effectual schoolroom inquiry technique in advancing pupil apprehensions. Training plan should be conducted for instructors. Students should be trained and coached on how to react to higher order inquiries. Teachers should be cognizant that even higher order inquiries could be misused to fall in the low cognitive order. Teacher should see that each pupil does non larn in the same manner. Teachers should excite all the pupils to inquire and take part in the treatment. Teachers should do certain that appropriate waiting clip is given to reply the inquiries sing the degree of the inquiry. Teachers should inquire inquiries that encourage pupils to utilize schemes and critical thought accomplishments. Contemplation: Good inquiring technique improves the apprehension of the pupils and accordingly the result of the cognitive acquisition when the inquiries match the cognitive abilities of the pupils. Consequently larning and cognitive theories should be implemented in the schoolrooms. Furthermore, the consequence of this survey supports the recommendations of Gall that instructors do necessitate in-service and professional development programmed to better their inquiring accomplishments. Furthermore, the findings of Gall and Hussein are prevailing in the current survey. There are no indispensable alterations from 1970 boulder clay 2010. The research worker noticed that the inquiries were non distributed every bit among the pupils even a considerable portion of pupils were non engaged in the treatment particularly in DII. This could be due to hapless or unequal readying of the pupils, although it is the duty of the instructor to excite all the pupils. Furthermore, there was a noticeable job in the question-answer waiting clip ; for e.g. the instructor gave 15 seconds for a low cognitive inquiry whereas a high cognitive inquiry was given 12 seconds. The great majority of the inquiries were administered by the instructors and pupils were non encouraged to inquire inquiries. Restrictions of the survey It is worthy to advert that the range of this survey is limited to two instructors of nursing in one school in an educational zone. Some variables like instructor ‘s readying which influence the oppugning accomplishments were non measured. Students ‘ readying and inquiries were non measured besides. How to cite The use of teacher questions in learning and teaching, Essay examples

Understand Different Situational Business †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Understand the Different Situational Business? Answer: Introducation Tata Motors Limitedis an Indian multinational automotive manufacturing company founded in the year 1945 headquartered inMumbai, India. It is a member of theTata Group. Its products include passenger cars, trucks, vans, coaches, buses, sports cars and military vehicles. Tata motors are Indias leading automobile manufacture, which is in the top most 5 manufactures in commercial vehicle in the world. Tata Motors is currently the global player, which is not just limited to Indian markets but also started expanding into several International Markets across the world. (Tata Motors.2017). It has also purchased the British companies like Land Rover and Jaguar. TMS is first Indian company, which has been listed in the stock exchange in New York. Tata Motors has auto manufacturing facilities in India, as well as in Argentina, South Africa, Great Britain and Thailand. It has research and development centres in India, South Korea, Great Britain and Spain. Tata Motors principal subsidiaries purchased the English premium carmakerJaguar Land Rover(the maker of Jaguar and Land Rover cars) and the South Korean commercial vehicle manufacturerTata Daewoo. Tata Motors has a bus-manufacturing joint venture withMarcopolo S.A.(Tata Marcopolo), a construction-equipment ma nufacturing joint venture withHitachi(Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery), and a joint venture withFiat Chryslerwhich manufactures automotive components and Fiat Chrysler and Tata branded vehicles (Retrieved, 2017). Supply Chain Management of Tata Motors Tata Motors produces tangible products. The automobile organization like Tata Motors produces tangible products such as commercial vehicle, passenger vehicle. It also produces intangible services. Intangible outputs are the services such as information for safest measures like safe drive, fuel save, end of life vehicle process and as well as other services are provided by the organization to its stakeholder. Any organization has to manage two types of demands. The demands are independent where the management is highly dependent on the certainty of the demand. The demand is assumable, which is called dependent demand. Independent demand is not predictable because such kind of demand will not be visible factors (Supply.2008). Logistic Supply chain management is used to gain competitive advantage, which was very useful for Tata Motors because they outsource their logistics to third parties. Tata Motors produces commercial vehicles, passenger vehicles, and defence vehicles. Their vehicle s are mainly sold to agents, dealers, businesses, and army. They also sell their cars directly to customers like households, company owned showrooms and small business. Tata Motors was mainly trying to increase the deals and establishing an easily accessible service points across the country to provide quality services after sales (Shoshanah Joseph, 2005). Operation Management of Tata Motors Operation management always deal with the main purpose of the business, which is to produce products and services. In the case of Tata Motors, Operation Management plays a key role, which is very much evident in the manufacturing process. They are busy preparing cheap cars, which is never easy, as it also requires some strategic planning to roll out inexpensive cars in the market. They have their own strategies, which is fulfilling the requirements of many but are not justifying the quality potentiality. Nevertheless, they are highly acknowledged for some outright manufacture such as heavy vehicles but they are more or less equally criticised for their cheap cars especially the Nano series cars (S L, 2012) Analysis Issues in Operation Management One weakness that Tata Motors faces is its inability to meet safety standards. Although they have made the most inexpensive car out in the market, it has yet to pass all the safety standards, which is a legal factor. Some consumers and pessimists inquire as to how Tata Motors can make such a cheap car and withstanding a car accident or not just falling apart after hitting something once. Pessimistic people also want to believe that car manufactures are already doing everything they can to keep costs low for the consumer, and if that is the case, then putting the cheapest car out in the market automatically questions if it is safe to drive. Tata Motors only have been making passenger cars for the approximately last ten years. This can be viewed as a weakness from a customer standpoint since a decade does not seem like a lot to consumers and therefore they will think that Tata Motors is inexperienced car manufacturing. In addition to this, they are specialist manufacturer of Heavy Vehi cles but not so for the cars. Nevertheless, some local companies are ahead to Tata manufactured cars in India. Those local companies are such as Maruti and Mahindra. It seems like that Tata Motors have made this as their strategy to produce cheap cars to capture substantial amount of customers. This is quite possible too as India capacitate a large number of middle class families and to them cheap cars are a good asset (Management Discussion and Analysis | Tata Motors Annual Report 2014-15. (n.d.)., 2017). One of the major opportunities that Tata Motor have is that as of right now 90 percent of China and India's adult population do not own cars, partly because cars are costly and require more expenses after being purchased. Therefore, the market for a low-priced car is huge, which is beneficial for the Tata Motors perfectly since they produce the lowest priced cars in the market. This is a huge opportunity for Tata Motors because if they can get their feet into that market of people that do not have cars because they cannot afford them, then they will make large profits down the road. The JLR acquisition is the other difficulties in Tata Motor, which has not performed as expected. In 2nd 2008, Tata Motor acquired the Jaguar Land Rover Business from the Ford Motor Company for a net consideration of $2.3 billion. Shortly after the acquisition in 2008, Tata Motors itself noticed that they are encumbered with a debt of Rs. 21,900 Crore, an unbearable situation for the company who were practically debt free. The product was not moving and the stock was hitting the bottom at Rs. 126.45 on 20th November 2008. Market capitalization was reduced than what it had paid for JLR. One of the Tata executives said that the The global slowdown has put the company under tremendous pressure because the management of JLR had just separated from one big organization and was attaching itself to another not-so-big group and they were not yet kind of experienced living independently (2010, November 14). That is when Ratan Tata made it clear that JLR acquisition was never a mistake and it would work out. The fiscal ended in March 2009 where the Tata Motors first showed its annual loss in last seven years. The JLR unit made a loss of Rs. 1800 crore. Cash was the No.1 priority for Tata as the JLR was haemorrhaging money and company needed to look help from outside of the world. Since, the JLR did not have cash management system of its own, Tata Motors turned to KMPG consultants (Sood, 2017). After Tata had faced much more issues and JLR was unprofitable, the KMPG consultants then started observing, cash started to be managed on an hour-to-hour basis what cheque was going out, what cheque was coming in (2010, November 14). Then during spring, March Munich- based Roland Berger Strategy consultants were to keep tab on the costs. Thus, the only aim for Roland Berger was very simple: make JLR profitable. The last weakness is related to the leadership changes, which has also affected the sales of the company. Tata Group surprisingly removed Cyrus Mistry from the board. Ever since then, the Stock has fallen down in the range for 1 to 4 percent each. It was much higher than expected for the fall in the shares is higher than the marginal level (Rossolillo, 2017). Slowly they gain profit as they have their own new ideas to develop. Nobody is making any interference, as everyone is silent because of the Chairman being out. Conclusion To conclude, these are the operations management issues of the Tata Motors, which is the largest organization in the market in various fields. There would definitely be problems and difficulties for any company. Tata Motors have had ups and as well as down to speak off. Tata Motors has its Statistics up and down for the past few years. It had also acquired the luxury JLR; the Nano is also another issue for Tata Motors, which has its own advantages and disadvantages. Last but not the least the leadership has also been a major factor for Tata Motors revenue. In Operations Management, there are many issues where the company or an organization faces its own problems because of the fact that the management is the relationship between the operations and the processes. References Management Discussion and Analysis | Tata Motors Annual Report 2014-15. (n.d.). (2017, April 05). Retrieved from tatamotors.com/investors/financials/70-ar-html/mda4.html: https://www.tatamotors.com/investors/financials/70-ar-html/mda4.html Retrieved. ( 2017, April 05). Largest Indian Automobile Manufacturer. (n.d.). Retrieved from tatamotors.com: https://www.tatamotors.com/ Rossolillo, N. (2017, Apr 07 ). 3 Reasons Tata Motors' Stock Is Tanking." The Motley Fool". . Retrieved from www.fool.com/investing/2016/11/21/3-reasons-tata-motors-stock-is-tanking.aspx S L, G. (2012). sales and Operation management. Shoshanah, C., Joseph, R. (2005). Strategic Supply Chain Management. Sood, V. (2017, April 07). How Tata Motors turned JLR around. Retrieved from https://www.livemint.com/Companies/UhROXPttBWa40lVOgtS6wL/How-Tata-Motors-turned-JLR-around.html

History of Jets vs. Patriots free essay sample

Analysis Essay NY Jets vs. NE Patriots Rivalry The rivalry between the New York Jets and the New England Patriots exists because of the volatile history amongst players, coaches and fans, past and present, and because of the extreme loyalty, and passion that the people associated with these two teams exhibit. New York City and Boston are approximately 3 1? 2 hours apart by car. This Rivalry is likely the largest in the history of the National Football League (NFL). Throughout the history of these two teams their rivalry record is 53-52-1. The 53 stands for the Patriots win`s against the Jets. This shows that the games have been very close and the Patriots have one win over the Jets. The â€Å"1† stands for a â€Å"draw†. This means the game went into double over-time and stayed a tie. This is very rare to come across and it does not even happen yearly in the NFL. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Jets vs. Patriots or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These teams continue to play great games and keep one of sport’s greatest rivalry`s going. Many motives throughout the history of the NFL have helped make this rivalry exciting to watch, and helped to create some of the greatest games to ever go down in the NFL. Both of these teams are in the American Football Conference (AFC). Within this conference they are also in the same division, which is the (AFC East). The New York Jets were on top of the AFC and their rivalry against the Patriots in the early years of the NFL. New York was the first AFC team to win a Super Bowl title, dating all the way back to the 1968-1969 season. They played this game against the Indianapolis Colts, and goes down as one of the largest Super Bowl upsets in the history of the League. The whole world doubted them and the AFC was basically considered a joke during this time period. Hall of Fame quarterback Joe Namath, made a bold promise that the sports world has still not forgotten. This move was almost as bold and crazy as Babe Ruth calling his homerun in the World Series. He made a public promise to his team and sports fans that he would carry the Jets to win this Super Bowl. This seemed like a ridiculous promise seeing as the projections had New York losing this game by a whopping sixteen points! This Super Bowl upset was a larger upset then the 2008 game, when the New England Patriots got upset by the New York Giants. The Giants were fourteen point underdogs and came back to beat the undefeated Patriots in the most watched sports event. These two Super bowls will never be forgotten, and they go down as two of the greatest and most memorable upsets in Super bowl history! During the time period of the late sixties when the Jets were on the rise, New England was still attempting to find their franchises identity, repeatedly getting beat by star quarterback Joe Namath and the New York Jets. Within this time period, both teams began to create fan-based families. The rivalry basically began with the fans of the two teams. They began to hate each other. Anybody representing these two teams would be welcomed by each other, and instantaneously liked. They both agreed in the fact of having a mutual dislike for each other. Being a huge fan and a part of the huge fan community games are taken very seriously. You must have respect for the opposing team’s stadium when you are a fan at the opposing stadium. To these hard-core fans walking in to the stadium with his-respect is like, walking into their house, where their families live and showing disrespect. This is all how the rivalry began between the Patriots and Jets. The cities mutual hate and family like bonding has helped to create this great rivalry. In this decade the New England Patriots have done remarkable things, achieving the ultimate goal of making it to the Super Bowl more than any other team in the National Football League. They have done this with star quarterback Tom Brady who was groomed and raised by arguably the greatest head coach in the history of football, Bill Belichick. Tom Brady and the Patriots have found there way to four Super Bowls since the year 2000. This is more super bowl appearances in this time period than any other team. Not only did they make it to those four Super Bowls, but they also won three of them, only losing that great upset against the New York Giants in the 2008 Super Bowl. In the Tom Brady and, Bill Belichick era, New England has been consistently successful. The Jets have fought hard to keep up with them as they find themselves having to take it one game at a time. The New York Jets have been successful since hiring the defensive coordinator from the Baltimore Ravens, Rex Ryan. He is a self spoken coach who loves his team and isn’t afraid to say what is on his mind. This is the kind of coach the Jets needed, someone to spark the team and never consider the team out of the play-offs. He is a defensive minded coach who loves to run the ball rather then pass it. This has helped the Jets create schemes to confuse their long time rival the Patriots. The most important recent game these two teams have faced off against was last season. It was during the 2010-1011 playoffs in the divisional championship game. This is the second round of the play-offs, and the game took place in New England. Young quarterback Mark Sanchez from USC, and the New York Jets came out flying high and shut down the Patriots dynamic offense. The Jets defense played great and the Jets were able to make a statement to New England and the rest of the world that they are the better team, winning the three game series on the year, winning two games and losing one. The Jets won this game twenty-eight to fourteen, advancing to the AFC Conference Championship game against the Pittsburg Steelers. The Jets played a terrible first half and ended up losing their second consecutive Conference Championship, falling one game short of the Super-bowl once again. This wasn’t all bad for the New York Jets. Mark Sanchez proved he was in New York to stay and be the franchise quarterback for years to come. In his second season in the NFL he finally quieted all of the critics proving he could win in big games. Him and second year head coach Rex Ryan have a four win, two loss record in the play-offs. All of these play-off games were played on the road against very good football teams making it more impressive for the young quarter-back and new head coach. These are all prime example of how the Patriots and Jets each show loyalty. This is a huge reason the rivalry exists between these two teams. This most recent season which is still taking place, the Patriots have continued to win and amaze opponents and fans all around the nation. There almost perfect offense have continuously embarrassed teams and showed promise that they are on their way to their fifth Super Bowl since the year 2000. New faces are beginning to emerge in New England. One of the biggest is there new running-back Danny Woodhead. He runs the ball hard and is a great threat to catch it out of the back field at just five-foot- ten 185 pounds. He is a quick player with the ability to change the game at any time. What makes this player so intriguing is that he was dropped by the New York Jets and scooped up off of free agency by the Patriots. Bill Belichick took Woodhead under his wing and gave him the shot that he deserved. This makes sparks the Jets-Patriots rivalry because any time you get a player playing against his former team it is always interesting. The Patriots handled the Jets this past season easily beating them in both contests in which they played each other. In these two games Danny Woodhead had two touchdowns and touched the ball endless amounts of times. The Patriots and Jets games were once known as the Tuna Bowl; referencing former New England coach Bill Parcells who ended his famous argument with owner Robert Kraft by taking his talents back to New York to run the hated Jets. This was just one piece of the puzzle to make this rivalry great. There have been numerous events that have taken place since September of 1960 when these two teams faced off for the first time. This goes all the way back to when the NFL wasn’t even in tact yet. In the two clubs very first meeting, the New York Titans hosted the Boston Patriots at New Yorks Polo Grounds. The Titans looked as if they were about to win the game until there punter fumbled a snap and Boston brought it back for a touchdown to seal the first win in the New York and Boston football rivalry. The Jets argued that the ball was kicked by a Boston player which is illegal, however the call stood to lead the Boston Patriots to a twenty-four to twenty-one win over the New York Titans. Six years later, the then-Boston Patriots tied the Jets twenty-four to twenty-four at Fenway Park for the only dead-heat in the rivalrys history. The Patriots led twenty-four to four-teen after three quarters but two Joe Namath touchdowns and a field goal tied the game. It would also be the last time the Patriots did not lose to the Jets until October 1971. On December 8th 1985 was the first time these two teams faced off in a play-off game. The Patriots traveled to Giants Stadium where the Jets shared a stadium with the New York Giants. The Patriots offense erupted and won the game twenty-six to four-teen. This was their first play-off win since beating the Buffalo Bills in 1963 to be named the AFL divisional champions. This was a very exciting win for the Patriots. You know it’s a great rivalry when the fans can’t be in the same stadium without causing complete chaos. Patriots and Jets fans hate each other and do not get along. This was definitely the case in October of 1976. The Patriots hosted the Jets on Monday night football, which was unofficially renamed Monday Night Madness when the rowdiness of drunken fans at the Patriots home field led to mass arrests by local police and the cuffing of fans to a chain-link fence when other space became unavailable. On this Monday night game the patriots ran over New York with 330 yards rushing and five rushing touchdowns. They also tossed a late game touchdown to beat the Jets forty-one to seven. Perhaps one of the largest player swaps in the history of these two teams was hall of fame running back Curtis Martin. After playing three seasons in New England, the 2005 NFL rookie of the year became a free agent. The Patriots fought hard to keep Martin in New England but it just couldn’t work out for them as they were out bided. The Jets offered Martin a 6-year, $36 million contract, and the Patriots, low on salary cap space, opted to not match the offer. The Jets sent a first round draft pick to New England and took Curtis Martin for the remainder of his career. Martin became the heart and soul of the team, and remained on the team until 2007 when he blew out his knee and ended his career. In 2008 star Patriots quarterback, Tom Brady was facing the Kansas City Chiefs in the first game of the regular season. He dropped back for a pass early in the first quarter when a freak accident happened that put the future hall of fame quarterbacks career in jeopardy. Chief’s lineman was looking to sack Tom Brady when he fell on Brady’s leg causing him to tear his ACL and MCL. This put Brady out for the season and forced the Patriots to start young quarter-back Matt Castle. This was the first year the Patriots didn’t win the American Football Conference, in almost a decade. During this season the Jets and Patriots split the regular season wins one to one. The following season which was 2009, Tom Brady was back, and so were the Patriots. The first match between these two teams in 2009 was a highly anticipated game. It was the first time fresh Jets quarterback Mark Sanchez, and brand new head coach Rex Ryan would face off against Tom Brady and the Patriots. In the week prior to the game, Ryan placed a phone message to all Jets season ticket holders asking them to make it miserable for (Tom) Brady and company, following up on his comments during the offseason that he would not kiss Bill Belichicks Super Bowl rings. He told the Jets fans that the Patriots had a better head coach and a better quarterback, but that the game would decide who has a better team. The Nose Tackle for the Jets Kris Jenkins, called this New York’s version of the Super Bowl. The Jets had not beat New England since half way hrough the 2000-2001 season, but they knew with a new coach who could spark the team, anything was possible. In the end, the Jets defeated the Patriots 16-9 in the 100th overall meeting of the rivalry series. The Jets and Patriots have both exposed passion for every single game played against each other. They play their hearts out and it’s always an exciting game to watch. The rivalry goes so much deeper than just the stats and the games. The fans and communities are passionate believers. As you can see throughout the history of the New England and New York football rivalry there have been some memorable moments, players, and games. Both teams have been exposed to key components to have a great rivalry. These components are family, history, loyalty, and passion. The Patriots have had more success in the long run, even though the series record proves the two teams to be about equal. The patriots have made it to more Super Bowls, and Play-off games. The Patriots have quickly learned if they take the Jets lightly it will not end up in their favor. These two teams have defiantly proved they are worthy of playing great games, and this rivalry will likely never go away!

Companys reputation Essays

Companys reputation Essays Companys reputation Essay Companys reputation Essay Filmmaker Morgan Spurlock undergoes one of the countless tests he subjected himself to while filming his first feature, Super Size Me. During the film, which examines the obesity epidemic overcoming America, Spurlock took the fast track to becoming an obese American and ate nothing but McDonalds for 30 days straight with dramatic results. 5 Events reported in the media, such as incidents involving food-borne illnesses or food tampering, whether or not accurate, can cause damage to the Companys reputation and swiftly affect sales and profitability. Incidents like these are very detrimental to a company because it is so damaging to the companys brand name and reputation. The affect on sales is immediately felt, even if the incident is are accurate or not, the risk is very real. Company Overview Wendys A fast food chain based in Dublin, Ohio founded by Dave Thomas and Robert Barney, in 1969. It was named after Daves daughter, Melinda, who had the nickname, Wendy. There are 6,600 restaurants worldwide. 7 Wendys is famous for its chili, frosty, and square hamburgers. One of their most famous campaigns featured actress Clara Peller inWheres the Beef? This phrase entered into American Pop Culture. (Interesting note: Clara Peller was fired from Wendys because she did a Prego commercial saying she finally found the beef. ) Clara was replaced by the founder Dave Thomas as their spokesman until his death in 2002. Internationally Wendys has 718 stores located from Aruba, Guam, Japan, to the United Kingdom. Competition has forced them out of certain areas. They did own Tim Hortons and Baja Fresh until their sales in 2005, 2006. The Company intends to expand into the breakfast day part, where competitive conditions are challenging, the Wendys brand is not well known and markets may prove difficult to penetrate. They plan to expand breakfast to more than 50% of its restaurants by late 2008. As a result of the foregoing, breakfast sales and profits there from may take longer to reach expected levels or may never do so. 8 McDonalds McDonalds was founded by Raymond Albert Kroc in 1955 with brothers Dick and Mac McDonald. Ray mortgaged everything moved west to sell multi-mixers at the age of 54 In 1965 McDonalds had its initial public offering. A hundred shares of stock valued at $2,250 would have been worth $3. 3 million on December 31, 2006. McDonalds operates approximately 550,000 restaurants in the U. S. generating $365 billion in annual sales and employs 465,000 people. They also operate in more than 100 countries worldwide. McDonalds owned Chipotle and Donatos pizza until they were sold in 2004, 2005. They currently operate Boston Market. McDonalds serves breakfast, lunch and dinner and has even created niche menu items like gourmet coffee to compete with Starbucks. McDonalds has an aggressive strategy they call the, Plan to Win. It outlines how to grow the company, generate revenues, and keep McDonalds an industry leader. Lets take a look at some numbers. Ratios Capital Solvency Total Debt Ratio: Total Liabilities/Total Assets This is a ratio that is good measure to compare companies without getting too complicated, a feel for the companies. As an investor it helps me determine a companys level of risk. Compared to the industry both companies have a better debt ratio, however, I did notice one trend (see common size balance sheet, below). Wendys assets have been declining because of financing and restructuring. In 2005 and 2006 they sold off Tim Hortons and Baja Fresh. Long term assets, Good will, property and Equipment have all decreased. In reality, almost all their assets have decreased since 2002. The only things that did not decrease were cash and accounts receivable, which make sense due to sale of Tim Hortons and Baja Fresh. Since Wendys is trying to find a buyer Id say the company is trying to trim off all the fat from the company by closing unprofitable stores and selling its interests to look more attractive. Wendys better hope they find a buyer because they are not setting themselves up for the long run. McDonalds, on the other hand, is very consistent. Liabilities have steadily been decreasing relative to assets causing their ratio to go lower. McDonalds has better managed their assets and liabilities and continued growth. Total Debt to Equity ratio- Total Liabilities/Shareholders Equity This ratio is important to an investor because it reveals the extent to which management is willing to fund its operations with debt, rather than using equity. A higher ratio also means there is more risk of loans not being paid and then investors might have to put more money into the company themselves. Wendys total liabilities have been increasing relative to equity. McDonalds liabilities have been decreasing relative to equity. Each company places in the middle to upper quartile against the industry. During 2006 Wendys announced a restructuring program to eliminate approximately $100 million of costs, including $80 million from its reported continuing operations. Although some of the savings from this effort were realized in 2006, most of the savings will be realized in 2007. 9 Wendys is trying to increase shareholders equity by doing a buyback: The Company repurchased 26. 2 million shares in 2006 for $1. 0 billion, including 22. 4 million shares for $804. 4 million in a modified Dutch Auction tender offer in the fourth quarter. 10 McDonalds is, again, very consistent. This is what I want to see. While this ratio is not very alarming in that both are doing fairly well, the bigger question is if Wendys is doing the buyback to improve financial ratios like P/E or Earnings Per Share to look more attractive to a buyer. If they are then the buyback is detrimental to shareholders in the long run. Liquidity Current Ratio This is considered to be the standard measurement of a business financial health. Is a company able to meet its current obligations by measuring if it has enough assets to cover its liabilities? Both companies place in between the lower and middle quartile against the industry. At first glance it looks as though Wendys is doing a good job. Current Assets are increasing relative to current liabilities; however, we know this was due to the sale of Baja Fresh and Tim Hortons. Current Assets are great due to the sacrifice of long term assets.

Tax research problem Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tax problem - Research Paper Example Please prepare a memorandum to me addressing the tax consequences of receiving the $200,000 back-pay and damages award, and any gross up she might receive caused by the bunching effect of receiving the award in a single year. Be sure to cite any authority bearing on these questions. _____________________________________________________________________________ MEMORANDUM TO: S. Partner, C.P.A. FROM: J. Accountant RE: Brenda Broccoli In Brenda’s case, three facts must be considered: structured settlements are a possibility; there is one major tax advantage to having a structured settlement; and there is one major disadvantage to having a structured settlement. The structured settlement itself was devised 29 years ago in order to ensure that people who suddenly came into money due to a jury’s award would not have to suffer financial consequences that come with new-found wealth. â€Å"In 1982, Congress created†¦the structured settlement. Rather than paying [a] plainti ff with a single check of $1 million, defendant pays plaintiff $2 million in increments over the next twenty years. [S]preading the receipt over a long period of time [relegates]†¦settlement monies to periodic payments, creating the structured settlement tax subsidy.†1 One of the major problems that had been plaguing people who won large sums of money from jury trials included the fact that people would be subject to losing or spending all of their money in a very irresponsible fashion. This was partially due to the fact that many people simply were not prepared to deal with such large sums of money, had poor financial planning, and, as a result—would lose all of their settlements in a very short time. The best aspect of making sure that one gets a structured settlement for the payout of $200K is that, most likely, Brenda could maintain her current tax bracket instead of being taxed in the second-highest tax bracket in the country. â€Å"One significant advantage of a structured settlement is tax avoidance. With appropriate set-up, a structured settlement may significantly reduce the plaintiff's tax obligations as a result of the settlement, and may in some cases be tax-free.†2 What would be ideal is if Brenda’s settlement was tax-free. The specifics would have to be worked out with her tax lawyers, but perhaps they could set up a tax shelter in the Cayman Islands by setting up an account there and funneling the money there—either that or in Switzerland. Unfortunately, since all the money in a structured settlement isn’t received at one time, no big purchases can be made—such as buying a house. â€Å"One of the disadvantages to a structured settlement is that you cannot make any changes in the amount you receive or in your schedule of payments. That is why it is imperative when you agree to a structure, that you try†¦to anticipate what your needs will be over [time].†3 Of course, it would really depend upon the payout amount of the structured settlement as to what types of goods and services could be purchased based upon Brenda’s budget. It is recommended that Ms. Broccoli make full advantage of her tax lawyers, who specialize in this very same type of legal dilemma.

Cause and effect (Why I choose my major) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cause and effect (Why I choose my major) - Essay Example I desire to be part of this phenomenon, now as a student and later as a teacher. Being the product of a mother who teaches elementary school, the importance of learning, of being educated and of educating others has been conveyed to me on an everyday and more than just by words alone from the time of my earliest childhood memory. It caused me to look at learning differently than most other students in my age group. Many kids thought of school as a punishment of sorts, something they had to do much like chores or eating their peas. I didn’t relish every minute of every class, like all teachers or enjoy all homework assignments yet knew of the important component of each. From the boring classes I learned, ultimately, that making class-time interesting or even fun made learning more effective. From the particularly tough classes I learned that every child learns at a different pace and are simply better at some subjects than others. Though it is impossible to fashion a lesson plans that fit the needs of all students, it is possible to make two paths of lear ning, one for those who pick up the information quickly and one for those who do not. If the teacher is really interested, has a passion for the job, they can find a method by which to positively affect the most students in the time available. This is what was going through my mind in third or fourth grade as I sat in class. I was destined to teach. Beside my mother, several teachers inspired my desire for a career in education. Some, because they were so disinterested in their chosen profession, motivated me and possibly as much as any other. I could readily see that the students were not only as disinterested as the teacher but their perception that school was punishment was reinforced. This negative perception was transferred to other classes which diminished the student’s entire educational experience. The damage to their lives is incalculable. If the fire of knowledge acquisition is not lit as a

The literature on market segmentation and its various aspects Essay

The literature on market segmentation and its various aspects - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that we are living in a global village. With the advancements in the fields of science and technology, the world is getting closer and closer and this fact is impacting the business world too. As a result of globalization, the customer base of the organizations is also increasing, leading to more diversification, especially in terms of their needs regarding specific products. This situation made the marketers develop a strategy that we call segmentation. The literal meaning of segmentation is to divide into pieces. It is often taken in the context of classifying the things into different groups so that all the objects in one group are identical to one another, sharing a common profile and on the basis of those factors, are different from other segments. This analogy has been borrowed by marketers in the same context. In the field of marketing, market segmentation is the process of dividing the market into similar groups such that individual s/businesses within each group share common characteristics. Used for: Profiling, Trade Area Analysis. Segmentation is the process of partitioning markets into groups of potential customers with similar needs and/or characteristics who are likely to exhibit similar purchase behavior. Market segmentation is a marketing approach that encompasses the identification of different groups of customers with different needs or responses to marketing activity. The market segmentation process also considers which of these segments to target.... egmentation of markets into homogenous groups of customers, each of them reacting differently to promotion, communication, pricing and other variables of the marketing mix. Market segments should be formed in that way that differences between buyers within each segment are as small as possible. Thus, every segment can be addressed with an individually targeted marketing mix. (Bennette 1998) "One of the most important strategic concepts contributed by the marketing discipline to business firms and other types of organizations is that of market segmentation" (Myers, 1996). Market Segmentation is considered and propagated by the marketing gurus as yet another step ahead of the previous ones in order to make the marketing plans and their implementation more effective and efficient in terms of its productivity. It is considered by them as a newer development in the domains of marketing research. Why Segmentation There are a number of reasons to do market segmentation. Few of them, as available in literature, are stated below: Better serving customers needs and wants The foremost advantage of segmentation is that it helps to serve the customers' needs and wants in a more effective manner. .(Aker 1991) Higher Profits As a result of segmentation, due to development of of separate strategies for each of the segment, the organization would be catering greater number of customers in each segment than what it had been serving for each segment without segmentation. This would lead to higher profits. (Asael 1987) Opportunities for Growth The organization can grow in terms of its volume of sales as well as customer base. Sustainable customer relationships in all phases of customer life cycle As a result of the customized strategies for each segment, a Sustainable customer

Disabled Non-disabled Differences

Disabled Non-disabled Differences Evaluate the social model of disability as an adequate account of the ‘differences between disabled and non disabled people It has been said that the differences between disabled people and non-disabled people in western society is based on the ideology of ‘normality, implying that disabled people are ‘abnormal. Morris statesthat â€Å"disabled people are not normal in the eyes of non-disabled people.†(1991: 16) Two different models have been coined to explain how society judges disabled people. Historically, the ‘individual or medical model was composed, which implies that it is the individual who is disabled, thus it is the individual who needs to change and adapt to society through medical methods, such as surgery or rehabilitation. Critics of this model such as Oliver (1990), conclude that it was not an adequate model, as it is society who has created disability, rather than a medical condition or physical attribute. Since the ‘international disability movement in the late 1960s this ‘traditional paradigm (Watson, 2002) of disability therefore became archaic, as society has evolved into modernity, and it was seen as an inadequate account of understanding disabled people, and why they are excluded from mainstream society. Therefore expanding on the critique of the ‘individual model; a new model, based on the Marxist foundation was shaped, known as the ‘social model, which stated that it is society who imposes the disability, by creating social barriers for people with impairment. Developing on this idea that we should be able to distinguish oppression that impaired people experience and the impairments they have, thus rather than defining disability as an impairment, it is seen as a ‘social expression. (Shakespeare, 2002) The social models key element, is that it ‘distinguishes between impairment and disability; implying that an impairment is part of the individuals identity it is â€Å"nothing less than a description of the physical body† (Oliver, 1996:35) but disability is something which is socially constructed : â€Å"It tends to relocate the ‘problem from the individual to society. Disability can then be viewed as a social problem caused by social processes.† (Priestley, 2003:13) This became an adequate account because disabled people stopped viewing themselves as ‘the problem†. It has been noted that the main progression in the research for the social model supports the idea that there is no ‘causal relationship between impairment and disability (Crow, 1992). The social model states that the primary cause of ‘disabled peoples marginalisation (Barnes, 1999: 2) is the cultural and environmental structures of society. However as Crow (1992) and Shakespeare(1993) have argued that even if social barriers are removed, the impairment still remains an important aspect of disabled people lives and identities and if we fail to recognise this then we are failing to recognise the ‘subjective reality of disability. The social model has avoided the issue of impairment because: â€Å"†¦it is much better to say people are disabled by society but not their bodies, than to say people are disabled by society and their bodies† (Shakespeare, 2002) Nevertheless the social model has had some positive outcomes, it has been one of the â€Å"major catalyst for the increasing politicization of large numbers of disabled people and their allies throughout the world† (Barnes, 1999: 4). Thus giving disabled people a stance in the world of politics, with this brought about many disability movements that aided towards equality within society. Supporting this model helped society dismantle many social barriers and introduce the ‘Disability Discrimination Act (1995) to gain equality and consequently protect people with accredited impairments from unfair treatment. Barnes (1999) saw this social change a solution to eradicate discrimination and prejudices against disability. It helped explain disablement in terms of ‘social oppression, similar to that of other concepts within society: sexism and racism. This led to less exploitation and more inclusion; a noticeable difference took place in the workplace and educational system. Schemes were set up, under Blairs reign, such ‘welfare to work scheme. Introducing less demeaning benefits, this was the result of the ‘administrative model of disability, which contained a rigid definition of disability affecting the benefits that were received meaning that: â€Å"†¦it would not be uncommon for a severely disabled person being denied benefits because their impairment or disability did not fit the criteria† (French, 1994: 6). This supports the sceptical view that societys response to disability is understood through the medical model, ‘a cure or care theory. Similar to the reaction that created the 1995 Disability Discrimination Act, using the medical model of disability to create its policies, in other words Society has accepted that it was the individual who had the problem, rather than a non-accommodating environment. French (1994) further argued that it was a ‘depressing fact that structural obstacles still remained a prominent part of a disabled person daily routine; ‘built environment, transportation and the communication system. This is reiterating the theory that ‘social barriers result in ‘social oppression. â€Å"Thus it is not ‘disability that non-disabled people fear but impairment, as ‘disabled people remind non-disabled people of their own mortality† (Barton, 1997:11) This gives evidence that oppression is not only a constant struggle with the built environment, but also a relentless struggle to gain inclusion within mainstream society. Due to discrimination and prejudices that have been formed, in large part due to the medical model, it has resulted in the ‘personal tragedy theory, which gives the notion the non-disabled people feel those with impairment should be ‘pitied as they have not got a ‘fulfilling life. It is important to note here that the ‘social oppression stance does not believe that disability is the result of limitation caused by chronic illness, impairment or trauma, but the way in which we as a society categorise individuals into such groups (Barnes, 1996). A debated argument states that the difference between disabled people and non disabled people is not that we are impaired, but that we are a minority oppressed by a disabling society. (Shakespeare, 2002) The ‘labelling theory, or ‘social reaction theory as it is sometimes known (1960), is closely linked as it stated that as a society we ‘categorise individuals into certain groups and treat them accordingly. Therefore as a result to these labels, disabled people will self-prophesise to the non-disabled peoples prejudices and it will become part of their identity. This was an important issue for disabled people, as a main obstacle for both disabled and non-disabled people is ‘inclusion within society. Our society Barnes (1996) states, seems ‘pre-occupied with peoples abilities, and thus we tend to segregate both disabled and non-disabled people. This theory has a massive impact on disabled peoples life, as it has appeared to be the case that historically they are excluded from the workplace and education. With the ‘disabled peoples movement, emerged the independent living era. Normality is linked with the perception of independence and thus binary to this, abnormality must be connected to dependence (Barnes, 1999). However Barnes (1999) continues to state that even by basic necessities we are all interdependent, that is we need to rely on each other in some form, for our society to function positively. â€Å"There is no qualitative difference between disabled and non-disabled people with respect to basic human needs† (Barnes, 1999: 20). The ‘social model was widely accepted amongst disabled people as an adequate account that identified the differences between disabled and non-disabled people. Using the ‘social model, Finkelstein, 1981 argued that if non-disabled people were to be confronted with ‘social barriers then they would become ‘equally disabled, as society is not accommodating to their needs. Plus another view of this is that it is impractical to remove of social barriers from society to accommodate all, as removing obstacles for certain impairment may create more obstacles for others. Furthermore it is not possible to dismantle all barriers created, as some of them are ‘inextricable aspects of impairments and thus were not constructed by the environment. A question asked by Tom Shakespeare â€Å"if someone has an impairment which causes constant pain, how can the social environment be implicated?† (2002) An issue that has been raised is even if we take away the social obstacles to disability, the impairment and the pain still remains dominant as the social model â€Å"does not attempt to deal with the personal restrictions of impairment but the social barriers of disability† (Oliver, 1996: 39).Crow (1996) explained how the model lacks the personal experience of pain which is intrinsic with certain types of impairments. Thus from this stance society, and the environment cannot be blamed for imposing difficulties on all impaired people, because some impairment contain difficulties in their own right and these should not be ignored. For if they are, it may in fact, do more harm than good, and cause more problems for the individual. This critique of the social model does not make it an inadequate account or invalidate the paradigm, but simple states that there is need for improvement. It is not possible for our society to ignore impairments, the same as we should not be causing more problems through social barriers; Crow (1992) debates that full integration of ‘experiences of impairment, with the experiences of disability is the way forward for the social model. The fact that the model did not address the issue of ‘multiple oppression was also as a critique of the ‘social model, other social groups such as feminist have argued that the ‘social model does not take in to account other forms of oppression; sexism or racism, and thus cannot be generalised, as it does not reflect the experiences of all disabled people. Cashling (1993) seems to think that postmodernist thinkers will explain the concept of oppression within disability simply as a manifestation of societys hatred; however this ha s yet to be seen. Some sociologist has explained that the social model needs to be refined, noting that both social disability and medical impairments coexist; thus noting that people are disabled by both social barriers and their bodies. Oliver â€Å"has argued that an adequate social theory model of disability must contain a theory of impairment† (Oliver. 1996: 42) Others have stated that the ‘British social model is outdated and is no longer useful within our society and instead of redeveloping the idea â€Å"supplying alternatives to compensate for the inadequacies of the social model† (Shakespeare, 2002) it should be abolished creating space to begin again. The reason for this radical approach Shakespeare (2002) continues to state that the social model is causing more problems than it is solving and he wishes to construct a â€Å"more adequate approach to disability politics, based on materialist ontology of embodiment† (Shakespeare, 2002) . By more adequate it meant that it needs to take into account every aspect of a disabled person to truly understand and begin to eradicate discrimination and oppression, which is still an important issue for society in all aspects of social categories. For this to happen as Crow (1992) has previously stated, an understanding of pain needs to be produced and not ignored; considering tha t physical attributes of impairment and social construction of disability can coexist and that for the fight towards equality to be successful it needs to be explain that â€Å"normality† should not be classified as the majority. In conclusion it has been noted that the social model of disability has increased awareness and introduced many positive aspects to society. Such as the explanation of oppression for disabled people, giving them a stance within the political society, enabling them to create policies which help ease the problems of certain issues that have been social constructed, through previous models such as the medical model. However neither the medical nor social model creates a complete adequate account of the differences between disabled and non-disabled people because they both have flaws. Thus it would not be a positive direction for society to abolish both models, it would be more successful if they conjoined the important aspects of both models, to form a model that is able to evaluate and explain disability, impairment, and oppression in terms of discrimination, prejudices and structural characteristics of society. Creating a model that makes it possible and plausible to eliminate as much inequality for disabled people as possible. However as Shakespeare (2002) states it is evermore difficult to achieve a complete model of disability, mainly because there is no clear cut definition of disability. Shakespeare (2002) argues that we should focus more on the relationship between impairment and embodiment, rather than the ‘definitional link between impairment and disability. Therefore our main focus for the future should be to eradicate the dichotomies, and encourage more integration within society through changing architecture or benefits. It is an illusion to imply that in post modernity the possibility for all impairments to be ‘barrier free, however if we take the view that no one can do everything, everyone, even non-disabled people have flaws, but if we take into account all impairments and try to eradicate as many barriers as possible, both economically and socially, then we will be heading in the right direction for an equal society, and thus will be able to create an adequate account of disability. References: Barnes, C (1999). ‘Disability at Work in the 21st Century. In journal of ‘Critical Social Policy (Vol 20, No. 4: Pp 441-457) Barton, L and Oliver, M (eds.) (1997). ‘Disability Studies: Past Present and Future. (Pp 3-24). London: Fulton Crow, L (1996). ‘Renewing the Social Model of Disability. In Barnes, C and Mercer, G (eds) ‘Exploring the Divide.(Pp 55-72). Leeds: Disability Press Darring, T, et al (1981). ‘A life Together: The distribution of Attitudes around the Disabled. London: Tavistock French, S (1983). ‘Disability, Impairment or something In-between?. In Swain, J; Finelstein, V; French, S and Oliver, M (eds) ‘Disabling Barriers: Enabling Environments (Ch 1.2). London: Sage French, S (1991). ‘What is Disability? In French, S (ed), ‘On Equal Terms: Working with Disabled People(Ch: 1). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann Finkelstein, V (1981). ‘To Deny or not to Deny Disability. In Brechin, A; Liddiard, P and Swan, J (eds), ‘Handicap in a Social World. Sevenoaks: Hodder and Stoughton Morris, J (1991). ‘Pride against Prejudice: Transforming Attitudes to Disability. London: Womens Press Oliver, M (1996). ‘Understanding Disability: from Theory to Practice. London: Macmillan Oliver, M (1996). ‘Defining Impairment and Disability: Issues and Stake . In Barnes, C and Mercer, G (eds) ‘Exploring the Divide (Ch 3, Pp 29-54). Leeds: Disability Press Priestly, M (2003). ‘Disability: a life course approach. Cornwall: Blackwell Silburn, L (1983). ‘A social model in a medical world: the development of the integrated living team as part of the strategy for younger physically disabled people in North Derbyshire. In Swain, J; Finelstein, V; French, S and Oliver, M (eds) ‘Disabling Barriers: Enabling Environments (Ch 1.2). London: Sage Shakespeare, T(2002). ‘The social model of disability: an outdated ideology?. In journal of ‘‘Research in Social Science andDisability.(Vol 2: pp. 9-28) Stone, D (1984). ‘The Disabling State. London: Temple

Overcoming Barriers To Effective Communication Essay -- Communication

Overcoming Barriers to Effective Communications Everyone has experienced, at one time or another the frustration of feeling misunderstood and being unable to make ourselves understood by another person. Anything which, blocks the meaning of a communication, is a barrier to communication. Effective communication is like a house built one block at a time. First to build a house trust must be built; trust is not a group process it is created in one to one connections with each individual. Second, be bold and open, better communications are clear, direct, respect, reflective and frequent. And finally, strive to continually overcome the barriers to effective communication, challenge others to grow and educate your self. There are many barriers to effective communication, we will examine four of the main ones, stereotyping, language, showing approval or disapproval, and becoming defensive. One of the greatest barriers to communication is stereotyping. A stereotype is defined as "A conventional, formulaic, and oversimplified conception, opinion, or image"(www.dictonary.com). When an individual has a preconception about another individual, it makes it difficult for the individual not to view the other individual's communication with prejudice. Within stereotyping there are many facets in which one hold's bias views to another individuals message. Of these there are stereotypes for race, religion, and gender. To better understand how stereotyping can hinder effective communication each area needs to be scrutinized in greater detail. To this day, some people are still judging others by the color of their skin. Racial stereotyping is an extremely detrimental facet of stereotyping. It can very well pave the road to out right racism. R... ...uickly bringing any major conflicts into the open and resolves them as a team; build common ground. Since there has been many different examples expressed of barriers related to everyday communication, whether at home, or at work, you now have the tools to overcome these barriers. Just remember to be patient, listen and make yourself more effective at communicating. What it is you want to say? Build a house strong and others will follow. References htÂ…/fulltext.assp?resultSetId=R00000000&hitNum=5&booleanTerm=effective%20 communication&fuzzy/Term 10/12/2000 htÂ…/fulltext.assp?resultSetId=R00000000&hitNum=6&booleanTerm=effective%20 communication&fuzzy/Term 10/12/2000 http://www.mediate.com/articles/foster.cfm?plain=t 10/12/2000 http://www.health.ufl.edu/nursing/fall99/nur3065c/hx/tsld014.htm 10/12/2000 www.dictonary.com